Overdose : מינון יתר

4.9   Overdose

Signs and symptoms
The presenting signs and symptoms of overdosage usually involve the central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory systems and reactions mentioned under Adverse drug reactions.

Central nervous system        CNS depression; disorientation, depressed level of consciousness, somnolence, agitation, hallucination, coma;
blurred vision, slurred speech, dysarthria, nystagmus, ataxia,
dyskinesia, initially hyper-reflexia, later hyporeflexia;
convulsions,     psychomotor     disturbances,    myoclonus,
hypothermia, mydriasis.
TEG API JUL23 V7                                                REF: New Zealand May 2023 Respiratory system              Respiratory depression, pulmonary oedema.

Cardiovascular system           Tachycardia, hypotension, at times hypertension, conduction disturbance with widening of QRS complex; syncope in association with cardiac arrest.

Gastrointestinal system         Vomiting, delayed gastric emptying, reduced bowel motility.

Musculoskeletal system          There have been some cases which reported rhabdomyolysis in association with carbamazepine toxicity.

Renal function                  Retention of urine, oliguria or anuria; fluid retention, water intoxication due to an ADH-like effect of carbamazepine.

Laboratory findings             Hyponatraemia, possibly metabolic acidosis, possibly hyperglycaemia, increased muscle creatine phosphokinase.


Management
There is no specific antidote.
Management should initially be guided by the patient's clinical condition; admission to hospital.
Measurement of the plasma level to confirm carbamazepine poisoning and to ascertain the size of the overdose.

Evacuation of the stomach, , and administration of activated charcoal. Delay in evacuating the stomach may result in delayed absorption, leading to relapse during recovery from intoxication.
Supportive medical care in an intensive care unit with cardiac monitoring and careful correction of electrolyte imbalance.
Special recommendations
Charcoal hemoperfusion has been recommended. Hemodialysis is the effective treatment modality in the management of the carbamazepine overdose.
Relapse and aggravation of symptomatology on the 2nd and 3rd day after overdose, due to delayed absorption, should be anticipated.