Adverse reactions : תופעות לוואי

4.8 Undesirable effects
Rapid intravenous administration may be associated with a higher incidence of adverse effects and therefore should be avoided.

The most commonly reported adverse reactions are nausea and dizziness, both occurring in more than 10% of patients.

The frequencies are defined as follows:

Very common: ≥ 1/10
Common: ≥ 1/100 - < 1/10

Uncommon: ≥ 1/1000 - < 1/100

Rare: ≥ 1/10,000 - < 1/1000
Very rare: < 1/10,000

Not known: cannot be estimated from the available data


Cardiac disorders:
Uncommon: cardiovascular regulation (palpitation, tachycardia). These adverse reactions may occur especially on intravenous administration and in patients who are physically stressed.
Rare: bradycardia


Investigations:
Rare: increase in blood pressure


Vascular disorders:
Uncommon: cardiovascular regulation (postural hypotension or cardiovascular collapse). These adverse reactions may occur especially on intravenous administration and in patients who are physically stressed.


Metabolism and nutrition disorders:
Rare: changes in appetite


Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders:
Rare: respiratory depression, dyspnoea
If the recommended doses are considerably exceeded and other centrally depressant substances are administered concomitantly (see section 4.5), respiratory depression may occur.
Worsening of asthma has been reported, though a causal relationship has not been established.
Not known: hiccups


Nervous system disorders:
Very common: dizziness
Common: headache, somnolence
Rare: changes in appetite, paraesthesia, tremor, respiratory depression, epileptiform convulsions, involuntary muscle contractions, abnormal coordination, syncope.
Not known: Serotonin syndrome
Convulsions occurred mainly after administration of high doses of tramadol or after concomitant treatment with medicinal products which can lower the seizure threshold (see sections 4.4 and 4.5).


Psychiatric disorders:
Rare: hallucinations, confusion, sleep disturbance, delirium, anxiety and nightmares. Psychic adverse reactions may occur following administration of tramadol which vary individually in intensity and nature (depending on personality and duration of treatment). These include changes in mood (usually elation, occasionally dysphoria), changes in activity (usually suppression, occasionally increase) and changes in cognitive and sensorial capacity (e.g. decision behaviour, perception disorders).
Frequency unknown: drug dependence (see section 4.4)


Eye disorders:
Rare: miosis, mydriasis, blurred vision


Gastrointestinal disorders:
Very common: nausea
Common: constipation, dry mouth, vomiting
Uncommon: retching; gastrointestinal discomfort (a feeling of pressure in the stomach, bloating), diarrhea 

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:
Common: hyperhidrosis
Uncommon: dermal reactions (e.g. pruritus, rash, urticaria)


Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders:
Rare: motorial weakness


Hepatobiliary disorders:
In a few isolated cases an increase in liver enzyme values has been reported in a temporal connection with the therapeutic use of tramadol.


Renal and urinary disorders:
Rare: micturition disorders (dysuria and urinary retention)


Immune system disorders:
Rare: allergic reactions (e.g. dyspnoea, bronchospasm, wheezing, angioneurotic oedema) and anaphylaxis 

Metabolism and nutrition disorders:
Not known: hypoglycaemia


General disorders and administration site conditions:
Common: fatigue
Uncommon: drug withdrawal syndrome.


Symptoms of drug withdrawal syndrome, similar to those occurring during opiate withdrawal, may occur as follows: agitation, anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, hyperkinesia, tremor and gastrointestinal symptoms. Other symptoms that have very rarely been seen with tramadol discontinuation include: panic attacks, severe anxiety, hallucinations, paraesthesias, tinnitus and unusual CNS symptoms (i.e. confusion, delusions, depersonalisation, derealisation, paranoia).


Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Any suspected adverse events should be reported to the Ministry of Health according to the National Regulation by using an online form: https://sideeffects.health.gov.il.