Pharmacological properties : תכונות פרמקולוגיות

Pharmacodynamic Properties

5.1   Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antivirals for systemic use, ATC code: J05AR24 
Mechanism of action
Doravirine
Doravirine is a pyridinone non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of HIV-1 and inhibits HIV-1 replication by non-competitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Doravirine does not inhibit the human cellular DNA polymerases α, ß, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ.

Lamivudine
Lamivudine is a nucleoside analogue. Intracellularly, lamivudine is phosphorylated to its active 5´- triphosphate metabolite, lamivudine triphosphate (3TC-TP). The principal mode of action of 3TC-TP is inhibition of RT via DNA chain termination after incorporation of the nucleotide analogue.

Tenofovir disoproxil
Tenofovir disoproxil is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diester analogue of adenosine monophosphate. Tenofovir disoproxil requires initial diester hydrolysis for conversion to tenofovir and subsequent phosphorylations by cellular enzymes to form tenofovir diphosphate. Tenofovir diphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 RT by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5´-triphosphate and, after incorporation into DNA, by DNA chain termination. Tenofovir diphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases α, β, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ.

Antiviral activity in cell culture
Doravirine
Doravirine exhibited an EC50 value of 12.0±4.4 nM against wild-type laboratory strains of HIV-1 when tested in the presence of 100 % normal human serum using MT4-GFP reporter cells. Doravirine demonstrated antiviral activity against a broad panel of primary HIV-1 isolates (A, A1, AE, AG, B, BF, C, D, G, H) with EC50 values ranging from 1.2 nM to 10.0 nM. The antiviral activity of doravirine was not antagonistic when combined with lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil.

Lamivudine
The antiviral activity of lamivudine against HIV-1 was assessed in a number of cell lines including monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using standard susceptibility assays.
EC50 values were in the range of 0.003 to 15 microM (1 microM = 0.23 micrograms per mL). The median EC50 values of lamivudine were 60 nM (range: 20 to 70 nM), 35 nM (range: 30 to 40 nM), 30 nM (range: 20 to 90 nM), 20 nM (range: 3 to 40 nM), 30 nM (range: 1 to 60 nM), 30 nM (range: 20 to 70 nM), 30 nM (range: 3 to 70 nM), and 30 nM (range: 20 to 90 nM) against HIV-1 clades
A-G and group O viruses (n = 3 except n = 2 for clade B) respectively. Ribavirin (50 microM) used in the treatment of chronic HCV infection decreased the anti-HIV-1 activity of lamivudine by 3.5-fold in MT-4 cells.

Tenofovir disoproxil
The antiviral activity of tenofovir against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 was assessed in T lymphoblastoid cell lines, primary monocyte/macrophage cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes.
The EC50 values for tenofovir were in the range of 0.04-8.5 microM. Tenofovir displayed antiviral activity in cell culture against HIV-1 clades A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and O (EC50 values ranged from 0.5-2.2 microM).

Resistance

In cell culture
Doravirine
Doravirine-resistant strains were selected in cell culture starting from wild-type HIV-1 of different origins and subtypes, as well as NNRTI-resistant HIV-1. Observed emergent amino acid substitutions in RT included: V106A, V106M, V106I, V108I, F227L, F227C, F227I, F227V, H221Y, M230I, L234I, P236L, and Y318F.
The V106A, V106M, V108I, H221Y, F227C, M230I, P236L, and Y318F substitutions conferred 3.4-fold to 70-fold reductions in susceptibility to doravirine. Y318F in combination with V106A, V106M, V108I, or F227C conferred greater decreases in susceptibility to doravirine than Y318F alone, which conferred a 10-fold reduction in susceptibility to doravirine. Common NNRTI-resistant mutations (K103N, Y181C) were not selected in the in vitro study. V106A (yielding a fold change of around 19) appeared as an initial substitution in subtype B virus, and V106A or M in subtype A and C virus. Subsequently F227(L/C/V) or L234I emerged in addition to V106 substitutions (double mutants yielding a fold change of > 100).

Lamivudine
Lamivudine-resistant variants of HIV-1 have been selected in cell culture and in subjects treated with lamivudine. Genotypic analysis showed that the resistance was due to a specific amino acid substitution in the HIV-1 RT at codon 184 changing the methionine to either isoleucine or valine (M184V/I).

Tenofovir disoproxil
HIV-1 isolates selected by tenofovir expressed a K65R substitution in HIV-1 RT and showed a 2-4 fold reduction in susceptibility to tenofovir. In addition, a K70E substitution in HIV-1 RT has been selected by tenofovir and results in low-level reduced susceptibility to abacavir, emtricitabine, lamivudine, and tenofovir.

In clinical trials
Treatment-naïve adult subjects
Doravirine
The Phase 3 studies, DRIVE-FORWARD and DRIVE-AHEAD, included previously untreated patients (n = 747) where the following NNRTI substitutions were part of exclusion criteria: L100I, K101E, K101P, K103N, K103S, V106A, V106I, V106M, V108I, E138A, E138G, E138K, E138Q, E138R, V179L, Y181C, Y181I, Y181V, Y188C, Y188H, Y188L, G190A, G190S, H221Y, L234I, M230I, M230L, P225H, F227C, F227L, F227V.

The following de novo resistance was seen in the resistance analysis subset (subjects with HIV-1 RNA greater than 400 copies per mL at virologic failure or at early study discontinuation and having resistance data).


Table 3: Resistance development up to Week 96 in protocol defined virologic failure population + early discontinuation population

DRIVE-FORWARD               DRIVE-AHEAD
DOR + NRTIs* DRV+r + NRTIs* DOR/TDF/3TC EFV/TDF/FTC
(383)        (383)          (364)        (364)
Successful genotype, n            15           18             32           33 Genotypic resistance to
DOR or control (DRV or EFV) 2 (DOR)                     0 (DRV)            8 (DOR)            14 (EFV) NRTI backbone                      2**                  0                  6                  5 M184I/V only                           2                  0                     4                4 K65R only                              0                  0                     1                0 K65R + M184I/V                         0                  0                     1                1 *NRTI in DOR arm: FTC/TDF (333) or ABC/3TC (50); NRTI in DRV+r arm: FTC/TDF (335) or ABC/3TC (48) **Subjects received FTC/TDF
ABC=abacavir; FTC=emtricitabine; DRV=darunavir; r=ritonavir

Emergent doravirine associated resistance substitutions in RT included one or more of the following: A98G, V106I, V106A, V106M/T, Y188L, H221Y, P225H, F227C, F227C/R, and Y318Y/F.

Virologically suppressed adult subjects
The DRIVE-SHIFT study included virologically suppressed patients (N=670) with no history of treatment failure (see section, Clinical experience). A documented absence of genotypic resistance (prior to starting first therapy) to doravirine, lamivudine, and tenofovir was part of the inclusion criteria for patients who switched from a PI- or INI-based regimen. Exclusionary NNRTI substitutions were those listed above (DRIVE-FORWARD and DRIVE-AHEAD), with the exception of substitutions RT K103N, G190A and Y181C (accepted in DRIVE-SHIFT). Documentation of pre-treatment resistance genotyping was not required for patients who switched from a NNRTI-based regimen.

In the DRIVE-SHIFT clinical trial, no subjects developed genotypic or phenotypic resistance to DOR, 3TC, or TDF during the initial 48 weeks (immediate switch, N=447) or 24 weeks (delayed switch, N=209) of treatment with Delstrigo. One subject developed RT M184M/I mutation and phenotypic resistance to 3TC and FTC during treatment with their baseline regimen. None of the 24 subjects (11 in the immediate switch group, 13 in the delayed switch group) with baseline NNRTI mutations (RT K103N, G190A, or Y181C) experienced virologic failure through Week 48, or at time of discontinuation.

Cross-resistance
No significant cross-resistance has been demonstrated between doravirine-resistant HIV-1 variants and lamivudine/emtricitabine or tenofovir or between lamivudine- or tenofovir-resistant variants and doravirine.

Doravirine
Doravirine has been evaluated in a limited number of patients with NNRTI resistance (K103N n = 7, G190A n = 1); all patients were suppressed to < 40 copies/mL at Week 48. A breakpoint for a reduction in susceptibility, yielded by various NNRTI substitutions, that is associated with a reduction in clinical efficacy has not been established.

Laboratory strains of HIV-1 harbouring the common NNRTI-associated mutations K103N, Y181C, or K103N/Y181C substitutions in RT exhibit less than a 3-fold decrease in susceptibility to doravirine compared to wild-type virus when evaluated in the presence of 100 % normal human serum. In in vitro studies, doravirine was able to suppress the following NNRTI-associated substitutions; K103N, Y181C, and G190A under clinically relevant concentrations.

A panel of 96 diverse clinical isolates containing NNRTI-associated mutations was evaluated for susceptibility to doravirine in the presence of 10 % foetal bovine serum. Clinical isolates containing the Y188L substitution or V106 substitutions in combination with A98G, H221Y, P225H, F227C or Y318F showed a greater than 100-fold reduced susceptibility to doravirine. Other substitutions yielded a fold change of 5-10 (G190S (5.7); K103N/P225H (7.9), V108I/Y181C (6.9), Y181V (5.1)). The clinical relevance of a 5-10 fold reduction in susceptibility is unknown.

Treatment emergent doravirine resistance associated substitutions may confer cross-resistance to efavirenz, rilpivirine, nevirapine, and etravirine. Of the 8 subjects who developed high level doravirine resistance in the pivotal studies, 6 had phenotypic resistance to EFV and nevirapine, 3 to rilpivirine, and 3 had partial resistance to etravirine based on the Monogram Phenosense assay.

Lamivudine
Cross-resistance has been observed among NRTIs. The M184I/V lamivudine resistance substitution confers resistance to emtricitabine. Lamivudine-resistant HIV-1 mutants were also cross resistant to didanosine (ddI). In some subjects treated with zidovudine plus didanosine, isolates resistant to multiple RT inhibitors, including lamivudine, have emerged.

Tenofovir disoproxil
Cross-resistance has been observed among NRTIs. The K65R substitution in HIV-1 RT selected by tenofovir is also selected in some HIV-1 infected patients treated with abacavir or didanosine. HIV-1 isolates with the K65R substitution also showed reduced susceptibility to emtricitabine and lamivudine. Therefore, cross-resistance among these NRTIs may occur in patients whose virus harbours the K65R substitution. The K70E substitution selected clinically by tenofovir disoproxil results in reduced susceptibility to abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, and tenofovir.
HIV-1 isolates from patients (n = 20) whose HIV-1 expressed a mean of 3 zidovudine associated RT amino acid substitutions (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, or K219Q/E/N) showed a 3.1-fold decrease in the susceptibility to tenofovir. Subjects whose virus expressed an L74V RT substitution without zidovudine resistance-associated substitutions (n = 8) had reduced response to tenofovir disoproxil. Limited data are available for patients whose virus expressed a Y115F substitution (n = 3), Q151M substitution (n = 2), or T69 insertion (n = 4) in HIV-1 RT, all of whom had a reduced response in clinical trials.

Clinical experience

Treatment-naïve adult subjects
The efficacy of doravirine is based on the analyses of 96-week data from two randomised, multicentre, double-blind, active controlled Phase 3 trials, (DRIVE-FORWARD and DRIVE-AHEAD) in antiretroviral treatment-naïve, HIV-1 infected subjects (n = 1494). Refer to Resistance section for NNRTI substitutions that were part of exclusion criteria.

In DRIVE-FORWARD, 766 subjects were randomised and received at least 1 dose of either doravirine 100 mg or darunavir + ritonavir 800+100 mg once daily, each in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil (FTC/TDF) or abacavir/lamivudine (ABC/3TC) selected by the investigator. At baseline, the median age of subjects was 33 years (range 18 to 69 years), 86 % had CD4+ T cell count greater than 200 cells per mm3, 84 % were male, 27 % were non-white, 4 % had hepatitis B and/or C virus co-infection, 10 % had a history of AIDS, 20 % had HIV-1 RNA greater than 100,000 copies per mL, 13 % received ABC/3TC and 87 % received FTC/TDF; these characteristics were similar between treatment groups.

In DRIVE-AHEAD, 728 subjects were randomised and received at least 1 dose of either doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil 100/300/245 mg (DOR/3TC/TDF) or efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil (EFV/FTC/TDF) once daily. At baseline, the median age of subjects was 31 years (range 18-70 years), 85 % were male, 52 % were non-white, 3 % had hepatitis B or C co-infection, 14 % had a history of AIDS, 21 % had HIV-1 RNA > 100,000 copies per mL, and 12 % had CD4+ T cell count < 200 cells per mm3; these characteristics were similar between treatment groups.

Week 48 and 96 outcomes for DRIVE-FORWARD and DRIVE-AHEAD are provided in Table 4. The doravirine-based regimens demonstrated consistent efficacy across demographic and baseline prognostic factors.



Table 4: Efficacy response (< 40 copies/mL, Snapshot approach) in the pivotal studies 
DRIVE-FORWARD                                            DRIVE-AHEAD
DOR + 2 NRTIs (383)          DRV+r + 2 NRTIs           DOR/3TC/TDF              EFV/FTC/TDF (383)                     (364)                    (364)
Week 48                             83 %                       79 %                       84 %                80 % Difference (95 % CI)                    4.2 % (-1.4%, 9.7 %)                                4.1 % (-1.5 %, 9.7 %) Week 96*                       72 % (N=379)               64 % (N=376)            76 % (N=364)            73 % (N=364) Difference (95 % CI)                    7.6 % (1.0 %, 14.2 %)                               3.3 % (-3.1 %, 9.6 %) Week 48 outcome (< 40 copies/mL) by baseline factors
HIV-1 RNA copies/mL
≤ 100 000               256/285 (90 %)             248/282 (88 %)           251/277 (91 %)          234/258 (91 %) > 100 000                63/79 (80 %)               54/72 (75 %)             54/69 (78 %)            56/73 (77 %) CD4 count, cells/µL
≤ 200                    34/41 (83 %)               43/61 (70 %)             27/42 (64 %)            35/43 (81 %) > 200                   285/323 (88 %)             260/294 (88 %)           278/304 (91 %)          255/288 (89 %) NRTI background therapy
TDF/FTC               276/316 (87 %)             267/312 (86 %)                              NA ABC/3TC                43/48 (90 %)               36/43 (84 %)                               NA Viral subtype
B                     222/254 (87 %)             219/255 (86 %)           194/222 (87 %)          199/226 (88 %) non-B                  97/110 (88 %)              84/100 (84 %)           109/122 (89 %)          91/105 (87 %) 
Mean CD4 change from baseline
Week 48                          193                         186                       198                  188 Week 96                          224                         207                       238                  223 *For Week 96, certain subjects with missing HIV-1 RNA were excluded from the analysis.


Virologically suppressed adult subjects
The efficacy of switching from a baseline regimen consisting of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in combination with a ritonavir- or cobicistat-boosted PI, or cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir, or an NNRTI to Delstrigo was evaluated in a randomised, open-label trial (DRIVE-SHIFT), in virologically suppressed HIV-1 infected adults. Subjects must have been virologically suppressed (HIV-1 RNA < 40 copies/mL) on their baseline regimen for at least 6 months prior to trial entry, with no history of virologic failure, and a documented absence of RT substitutions conferring resistance to doravirine, lamivudine and tenofovir (see section, Resistance). Subjects were randomised to either switch to Delstrigo at baseline [N= 447, Immediate Switch Group (ISG)], or stay on their baseline regimen until Week 24, at which point they switched to Delstrigo [N= 223, Delayed Switch Group (DSG)]. At baseline, the median age of subjects was 43 years, 16 % were female, and 24 % were non- white.

In the DRIVE-SHIFT trial, an immediate switch to Delstrigo was demonstrated to be non-inferior at Week 48 compared to continuation of the baseline regimen at Week 24 as assessed by the proportion of subjects with HIV-1 RNA < 40 copies/mL. Treatment results are shown in Table 5. Consistent results were seen for the comparison at study Week 24 in each treatment group.


Table 5: Efficacy response (Snapshot approach) in the DRIVE-SHIFT study 

Delstrigo                Baseline Regimen
Once Daily ISG                   DSG
Week 48                      Week 24
Outcome                                        N=447                        N=223 HIV-1 RNA < 40 copies/mL                                                     90 %                         93 % 
ISG-DSG, Difference (95 % CI)*                                                 -3.6 % (-8.0 %, 0.9 %) Proportion (%) of Subjects With HIV-1 RNA < 40 copies/mL by Baseline Regimen Received Ritonavir- or Cobicistat- boosted PI                                      280/316 (89 %)              145/156 (93 %) Cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir                                            23/25 (92 %)                11/12 (92 %) NNRTI                                                                     98/106 (92 %)                52/55 (95 %) Proportion (%) of Subjects With HIV-1 RNA < 40 copies/mL by Baseline CD4+ T cell Count (cells/mm3)
< 200 cells/mm3                                                      10/13 (77 %)                   3/4 (75 %) ≥ 200 cells/mm3                                                     384/426 (90 %)              202/216 (94 %) HIV-1 RNA ≥ 40 copies/mL†                                                       3%                            4% 
No Virologic Data Within the Time Window                                        8%                           3% Discontinued study due to AE or Death       ‡
3%                             0
Discontinued study for Other Reasons§                                      4%                           3% On study but missing data in window                                            0                          0 *The 95 % CI for the treatment difference was calculated using stratum-adjusted Mantel-Haenszel method.
†
Includes subjects who discontinued study treatment or study before Week 48 for ISG or before Week 24 for DSG for lack or loss of efficacy and subjects with HIV-1 RNA ≥ 40 copies/mL in the Week 48 window for ISG and in the Week 24 window for DSG.
‡
Includes subjects who discontinued because of adverse event (AE) or death if this resulted in no virologic data on treatment during the specified window.
§
Other reasons include: lost to follow-up, non-compliance with study treatment,, physician decision, protocol deviation, withdrawal by subject.
Baseline regimen = ritonavir or cobicistat-boosted PI (specifically atazanavir, darunavir, or lopinavir), or cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir, or NNRTI (specifically efavirenz, nevirapine, or rilpivirine), each administered with two NRTIs.


Discontinuation due to adverse events
In DRIVE-AHEAD, a lower proportion of subjects who discontinued due to an adverse event by Week 48 was seen for the Delstrigo group (3.0 %) compared with the EFV/FTC/TDF group (6.6 %).

Paediatric population
Delstrigo is not indicated for children and adolescents below 18 years of age.

Pharmacokinetic Properties

5.2      Pharmacokinetic properties
Single-dose administration of one doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil tablet to healthy subjects (N = 24) under fasted conditions provided comparable exposures of doravirine, lamivudine, and tenofovir to administration of doravirine tablets (100 mg) plus lamivudine tablets (300 mg) plus tenofovir disoproxil tablets (245 mg). The administration of a single Delstrigo tablet with a high-fat meal to healthy subjects resulted in a 26 % increase in doravirine C24, while AUC and Cmax were not significantly affected. Lamivudine Cmax decreased by 19 % with a high fat meal, while AUC was not significantly affected. Tenofovir Cmax decreased by 12 % and AUC increased by 27 % with a high fat meal. These differences in pharmacokinetics are not clinically relevant.

Doravirine
The pharmacokinetics of doravirine were studied in healthy subjects and HIV-1-infected subjects.
Doravirine pharmacokinetics are similar in healthy subjects and HIV-1-infected subjects. Steady state was generally achieved by Day 2 of once daily dosing, with accumulation ratios of 1.2 to 1.4 for AUC0-24, Cmax, and C24. Doravirine steady state pharmacokinetics following administration of 100 mg once daily to HIV-1 infected subjects, based on a population pharmacokinetics analysis are provided below.

Parameter                     AUC0-24                         Cmax                   C24 GM ( %CV)                     μg•h/mL                         μg/mL                  μg/mL Doravirine
100 mg                        16.1 (29)                       0.962 (19)             0.396 (63) once daily
GM: Geometric mean, %CV: Geometric coefficient of variation

Absorption
Following oral dosing, peak plasma concentrations are achieved 2 hours after dosing. Doravirine has an estimated absolute bioavailability of approximately 64 % for the 100 mg tablet.

Distribution
Based on administration of an intravenous microdose, the volume of distribution of doravirine is 60.5 L. Doravirine is approximately 76 % bound to plasma proteins.

Biotransformation
Based on in vitro data, doravirine is primarily metabolised by CYP3A.

Elimination
Doravirine
Doravirine has a terminal half-life (t1/2) of approximately 15 hours. Doravirine is primarily eliminated via oxidative metabolism mediated by CYP3A4. Biliary excretion of unchanged medicinal product may contribute to the elimination of doravirine, but this elimination route is not expected to be significant. Excretion of unchanged medicinal product via urinary excretion is minor.

Lamivudine
Following oral administration, lamivudine is rapidly absorbed and extensively distributed. After multiple-dose oral administration of lamivudine 300 mg once daily for 7 days to 60 healthy subjects, steady-state Cmax (Cmax,ss) was 2.04 ± 0.54 microgram per mL (mean ± SD) and the 24-hour steady- state AUC (AUC24,ss) was 8.87 ± 1.83 mcg•hour per mL. Binding to plasma protein is low.
Approximately 71 % of an intravenous dose of lamivudine is recovered as unchanged medicinal product in the urine.
Metabolism of lamivudine is a minor route of elimination. In humans, the only known metabolite is the trans-sulphoxide metabolite (approximately 5 % of an oral dose after 12 hours). In most single- dose trials in HIV-1 infected subjects, or healthy subjects with serum sampling for 24 hours after dosing, the observed mean elimination half-life (t½) ranged from 5 to 7 hours. In HIV-1–infected subjects, total clearance was 398.5 ± 69.1 mL/min (mean ± SD).

Tenofovir disoproxil
Following oral administration of a single 245 mg dose of tenofovir disoproxil to HIV-1-infected subjects in the fasted state, Cmax was achieved in one hour. Cmax and AUC values were 0.30 ± 0.09 micrograms per mL and 2.29 ± 0.69 µg•hr per mL, respectively. The oral bioavailability of tenofovir from tenofovir disoproxil in fasted subjects is approximately 25 %. Less than 0.7 % of tenofovir binds to human plasma proteins in vitro over the range of 0.01 to 25 micrograms per mL. Approximately 70-80 % of the intravenous dose of tenofovir is recovered as unchanged medicinal product in the urine within 72 hours of dosing. Tenofovir is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion with a renal clearance in adults with CrCl greater than 80 mL per minute of 243.5 ± 33.3 mL per minute (mean ± SD).
Following oral administration, the terminal half- life of tenofovir is approximately 12 to 18 hours. In vitro studies have determined that neither tenofovir disoproxil nor tenofovir are substrates for the CYP450 enzymes.

Renal impairment

Doravirine
Renal excretion of doravirine is minor. In a study comparing 8 subjects with severe renal impairment to 8 subjects without renal impairment, the single dose exposure of doravirine was 31 % higher in subjects with severe renal impairment. In a population pharmacokinetic analysis, which included subjects with CrCl between 17 and 317 mL/min, renal function did not have a clinically relevant effect on doravirine pharmacokinetics. No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild, moderate or severe renal impairment. Doravirine has not been studied in patients with end-stage renal disease or in patients undergoing dialysis (see section 4.2).

Lamivudine
Studies with lamivudine show that plasma concentrations (AUC) are increased in patients with renal dysfunction due to decreased clearance. Based on the lamivudine data, Delstrigo is not recommended for patients with CrCl of < 50 mL/min.

Tenofovir disoproxil
Pharmacokinetic parameters of tenofovir were determined following administration of a single dose of tenofovir disoproxil 245 mg to 40 non-HIV infected adult subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment defined according to baseline CrCl (normal renal function when CrCl > 80 mL/min; mild with CrCl = 50-79 mL/min; moderate with CrCl = 30-49 mL/min and severe with CrCl = 10- 29 mL/min). Compared with subjects with normal renal function, the mean (% CV) tenofovir exposure increased from 2,185 (12 %) ng•h/mL in subjects with CrCl > 80 mL/min to respectively 3,064 (30 %) ng•h/mL, 6,009 (42 %) ng•h/mL and 15,985 (45 %) ng•h/mL in subjects with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment.

The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in non-haemodialysis adult subjects with CrCl < 10 mL/min and in subjects with end-stage renal disease managed by peritoneal or other forms of dialysis have not been studied.

Hepatic impairment

Doravirine
Doravirine is primarily metabolised and eliminated by the liver. There was no clinically relevant difference in the pharmacokinetics of doravirine in a study comparing 8 subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (classified as Child-Pugh score B primarily due to increased encephalopathy and ascites scores) to 8 subjects without hepatic impairment. No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Doravirine has not been studied in subjects with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score C) (see section 4.2).

Lamivudine
The pharmacokinetic properties of lamivudine have been determined in subjects with moderate to severe hepatic impairment. Pharmacokinetic parameters were not altered by diminishing hepatic function. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine have not been established in the presence of decompensated liver disease.

Tenofovir disoproxil
The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir following a 245 mg dose of tenofovir disoproxil have been studied in non-HIV infected subjects with moderate to severe hepatic impairment. No clinically relevant differences in tenofovir pharmacokinetics were observed between subjects with hepatic impairment and unimpairedsubjects.
Elderly
Although a limited number of subjects aged 65 years and over has been included (n = 36), no clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of doravirine have been identified in subjects at least 65 years of age compared to subjects less than 65 years of age in a Phase 1 trial or in a population pharmacokinetic analysis. The pharmacokinetics of lamivudine and tenofovir have not been studied in subjects older than 65 years. No dose adjustment is required.

Gender
No clinically relevant pharmacokinetic differences have been identified between men and women for doravirine, lamivudine, and tenofovir.

Race
Doravirine
No clinically relevant racial differences in the pharmacokinetics of doravirine have been identified based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis of doravirine in healthy and HIV-1-infected subjects.

Lamivudine
There are no significant or clinically relevant racial differences in pharmacokinetics of lamivudine.

Tenofovir disoproxil
There were insufficient numbers from racial and ethnic groups other than Caucasian to adequately determine potential pharmacokinetic differences among these populations following the administration of tenofovir disoproxil.