Pharmacological properties : תכונות פרמקולוגיות

Pharmacodynamic Properties

13.2 Pharmacodynamics
The exposure-response relationship and time course of pharmacodynamic response for the safety and effectiveness of apalutamide have not been fully characterized.
Cardiac Electrophysiology
The effect of apalutamide 240 mg once daily on the QTc interval was assessed in an open-label, uncontrolled, multi- center, single-arm dedicated QT study in 45 patients with CRPC. The maximum mean QTcF change from baseline was 12.4 ms (2-sided 90% upper CI: 16.0 ms). An exposure-QT analysis suggested a concentration-dependent increase in QTcF for apalutamide and its active metabolite.

Pharmacokinetic Properties

13.3 Pharmacokinetics
Apalutamide pharmacokinetic parameters are presented as the mean [standard deviation (SD)] unless otherwise specified. Apalutamide Cmax and area under the concentration curve (AUC) increased proportionally following repeated once-daily dosing of 30 to 480 mg (0.125 to 2 times the recommended dosage). Following administration of the recommended dosage, apalutamide steady-state was achieved after 4 weeks and the mean accumulation ratio was approximately 5-fold. Apalutamide Cmax was 6.0 mcg/mL (1.7) and AUC was 100 mcg·h/mL (32) at steady-state. Daily fluctuations in apalutamide plasma concentrations were low, with mean peak-to-trough ratio of 1.63. An increase in apparent clearance (CL/F) was observed with repeat dosing, likely due to induction of apalutamide’s own metabolism. The auto-induction effect likely reached its maximum at the recommended dosage because exposure of apalutamide across the dose range of 30 to 480 mg is dose-proportional.
The major active metabolite N-desmethyl apalutamide Cmax was 5.9 mcg/mL (1.0) and AUC was 124 mcg·h/mL (23) at steady-state after the recommended dosage. N-desmethyl apalutamide was characterized by a flat concentration-time profile at steady-state with a mean peak-to-trough ratio of 1.27. Mean AUC metabolite/parent drug ratio for N-desmethyl apalutamide following repeat-dose administration was 1.3. Based on systemic exposure, relative potency, and pharmacokinetic properties, N-desmethyl apalutamide likely contributed to the clinical activity of apalutamide.
Absorption
Mean absolute oral bioavailability was approximately 100%. Median time to achieve peak plasma concentration (tmax) was 2 hours (range: 1 to 5 hours).
Effect of Food
Administration of apalutamide to healthy subjects under fasting conditions and with a high-fat meal (approximately 500 to 600 fat calories, 250 carbohydrate calories, and 150 protein calories) resulted in no clinically relevant changes in Cmax and AUC. Median time to reach tmax was delayed approximately 2 hours with food.
Distribution
The mean apparent volume of distribution at steady-state of apalutamide was approximately 276 L.
Apalutamide was 96% and N-desmethyl apalutamide was 95% bound to plasma proteins with no concentration dependency.
Elimination
The CL/F of apalutamide was 1.3 L/h after single dosing and increased to 2.0 L/h at steady-state after once-daily dosing likely due to CYP3A4 auto-induction. The mean effective half-life for apalutamide in patients was approximately 3 days at steady-state.
Metabolism
Metabolism is the main route of elimination of apalutamide. Apalutamide is primarily metabolized by CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 to form active metabolite, N-desmethyl apalutamide. The contribution of CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in the metabolism of apalutamide is estimated to be 58% and 13% following single dose but changes to 40% and 37%, respectively at steady-state.
Apalutamide represented 45% and N-desmethyl apalutamide represented 44% of the total AUC following a single oral administration of radiolabeled apalutamide 240 mg.
Excretion
Up to 70 days following a single oral administration of radiolabeled apalutamide, 65% of the dose was recovered in urine (1.2% of dose as unchanged apalutamide and 2.7% as N-desmethyl apalutamide) and 24% was recovered in feces (1.5% of dose as unchanged apalutamide and 2% as N-desmethyl apalutamide).
Specific Populations
No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of apalutamide or N-desmethyl apalutamide were observed based on age (18-94 years), race (Black, non-Japanese Asian, Japanese), mild to moderate (eGFR 30- 89 mL/min/1.73 m2, estimated by the modification of diet in renal disease [MDRD] equation) renal impairment, or mild (Child-Pugh A) to moderate (Child-Pugh B) hepatic impairment.
The effect of severe renal impairment or end stage renal disease (eGFR ≤29 mL/min/1.73 m2, MDRD) or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) on apalutamide pharmacokinetics is unknown.

Drug Interactions
Effect of Other Drugs on ERLEADA
Strong CYP2C8 inhibitors
Apalutamide Cmax decreased by 21% while AUC increased by 68% following co-administration of ERLEADA as a 240 mg single dose with gemfibrozil (a strong CYP2C8 inhibitor). Gemfibrozil is predicted to increase the steady- state apalutamide Cmax by 32% and AUC by 44%. For the active moieties (sum of unbound apalutamide plus the potency-adjusted unbound N-desmethyl apalutamide), the predicted steady-state Cmax increased by 19% and AUC by 23%.
Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors
Apalutamide Cmax decreased by 22% while AUC was similar following co-administration of ERLEADA as a 240 mg single dose with itraconazole (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor). Ketoconazole (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) is predicted to increase the single-dose apalutamide AUC by 24% but have no impact on Cmax. Ketoconazole is predicted to increase the steady-state apalutamide Cmax by 38% and AUC by 51%. For the active moieties, the predicted steady- state Cmax increased by 23% and AUC by 28%.
CYP3A4/CYP2C8 inducers
Rifampin (a strong CYP3A4 and moderate CYP2C8 inducer) is predicted to decrease the steady-state apalutamide Cmax by 25% and AUC by 34%. For the active moieties, the predicted steady-state Cmax decreased by 15% and AUC by 19%.
Acid lowering agents
Apalutamide is not ionizable under relevant physiological pH condition, therefore acid lowering agents (e.g., proton pump inhibitor, H2-receptor antagonist, antacid) are not expected to affect the solubility and bioavailability of apalutamide.
Drugs affecting transporters
In vitro, apalutamide and N-desmethyl apalutamide are substrates for P-gp but not BCRP, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3. Because apalutamide is completely absorbed after oral administration, P-gp does not limit the absorption of apalutamide and therefore, inhibition or induction of P-gp is not expected to affect the bioavailability of apalutamide.
Effect of ERLEADA on Other Drugs
CYP substrates
In vitro studies showed that apalutamide and N-desmethyl apalutamide are moderate to strong CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 inducers, are moderate inhibitors of CYP2B6 and CYP2C8, and weak inhibitors of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Apalutamide and N-desmethyl apalutamide do not affect CYP1A2 and CYP2D6 at therapeutically relevant concentrations.
Co-administration of ERLEADA with single oral doses of sensitive CYP substrates resulted in a 92% decrease in the AUC of midazolam (a CYP3A4 substrate), 85% decrease in the AUC of omeprazole (a CYP2C19 substrate), and 46% decrease in the AUC of S-warfarin (a CYP2C9 substrate). ERLEADA did not cause clinically significant changes in exposure to a CYP2C8 substrate.



 P-gp, BCRP and OATP1B1 substrates
Co-administration of ERLEADA with single oral doses of transporter substrates resulted in a 30% decrease in the AUC of fexofenadine (a P-gp substrate) and 41% decrease in the AUC of rosuvastatin (a BCRP/OATP1B1 substrate) but had no impact on Cmax.
UGT substrates
Apalutamide may induce UGT. Concomitant administration of ERLEADA with medications that are substrates of UGT may result in lower exposure to these medications.
OCT2, OAT1, OAT3 and MATEs substrates
In vitro, apalutamide and N-desmethyl apalutamide inhibit organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) and multidrug and toxin extrusions (MATEs), and do not inhibit organic anion transporter 1.
Apalutamide is not predicted to cause clinically significant changes in exposure to an OAT3 substrate.
GnRH analog
In mCSPC subjects receiving leuprolide acetate (a GnRH analog) co-administered with apalutamide, PK data indicated that apalutamide had no apparent effect on the steady-state exposure of leuprolide.